Monday, 26 August 2019

सर्वनाम क्या होता है ?


दोस्तो सर्वनाम दो शब्दों से मिल कर बना शब्द है *सर्व * और *नाम*
इसका अर्थ है कि सभी नामों(संज्ञाओं) की जगह आने वाला शब्द |
’सर्वनाम’ उस विकारी शब्द को कहते हैं, जो पूर्वापरसंबंध से किसी भी संज्ञा के बदले आता है
 जैसे-मैं, तुम, वह, यह इत्यादि। सर्व (सब) नामों (संज्ञाओं) के बदले जो शब्द आते हैं, उन्हें ’सर्वनाम’ कहते हैं।

संज्ञा की अपेक्षा सर्वनाम (Pronoun)की विलक्षणता यह है कि संज्ञा से जहाँ उसी वस्तु का बोध होता है, जिसका वह (संज्ञा) नाम है, वहाँ सर्वनाम में पूर्वापरसंबंध के अनुसार किसी भी वस्तु का बोध होता है।

’लङका’ कहने से केवल लङके का बोध होता है, घर, सङक आदि का बोध नहीं होता, किंतु ’वह’ कहने से पूर्वापरसंबंध के अनुसार ही किसी वस्तु का बोध होता है।
हिंदी में  कुल ग्यारह सर्वनाम हैं-
  • मैं
  • तू
  • आप
  • यह
  • वह
  • जो
  • सो
  • कोई
  • कुछ
  • कौन
  • क्या
प्रयोग के अनुसार सर्वनाम के छह भेद है, जो निम्नांकित प्रकार हैं –
 ’पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम’ पुरुषों (स्त्री या पुरुष) के नाम के बदले आते हैं। उत्तमपुरुष में लेखक या वक्ता आता है, मध्यमपुरुष में पाठक या श्रोता और अन्यपुरुष में लेखक और श्रोता को छोङ अन्य लोग आते हैं।

निजवाचक सर्वनाम (Reflexive Pronoun)


’निजवाचक सर्वनाम’ का रूप ’आप’ है। लेकिन, पुरुषवाचक के अन्य पुरुष वाले ’आप’ से इसका प्रयोग बिलकुल अलग है। यह कर्ता का बोधक है, पर स्वयं कर्ता का काम नहीं करता। पुरुषवाचक ’आप’ बहुवचन में आदर के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।

निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम (Demonstrative pronoun)


जिस सर्वनाम(sarvanam) से वक्ता के पास या दूर की किसी वस्तु के निश्चय का बोध होता है, उसे ’निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम’ कहते हैं,
जैसे-
यह, वह।
उदाहरणार्थ – पास की वस्तु के लिए – यह कोई नया काम नहीं है, दूर की वस्तु के लिए-रोटी मत खाओ, क्योंकि वह जली है।
संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम (Relative Pronoun)

जिस सर्वनाम से वाक्य में किसी दूसरे सर्वनाम से संबंध स्थापित किया जाए, उसे ’संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम’ कहते हैं,
जैसे-
जो, सो।
उदाहरणार्थ-वह कौन है, जो पङा रो रहा है, वह जो न करे, सो थोङा।
प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम (Interrogative Pronoun)
प्रश्न करने के लिए जिन सर्वनामों का प्रयोग होता है, उन्हें ’प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम’ कहते हैं,
जैसे-कौन, क्या।
उदाहरणार्थ-कौन आता है ? तुम क्या खा रहे हो ?
ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि ’कौन’ का प्रयोग चेतन जीवों के लिए और ’क्या’ का प्रयोग जङ पदार्थों के लिए होता है।
 
संयुक्त सर्वनाम क्या होते है ?

रूस के हिंदी वैयाकरण डाॅ. दीमशित्स ने एक और प्रकार के सर्वनाम(sarvanam) का उल्लेख किया है और उसे ’संयुक्त सर्वनाम’ कहा है। उन्हीं के शब्दों में, ’संयुक्त सर्वनाम’ पृथक् श्रेणी के सर्वनाम है।
सर्वनाम(sarvanam) के सब भेदों से इनकी भिन्नता इसलिए है, क्योंकि उनमें एक शब्द नहीं, बल्कि एक से अधिक शब्द होते हैं। संयुक्त सर्वनाम स्वतंत्र रूप से या संज्ञा-शब्दों के साथ ही प्रयुक्त होता है।’’
कुछ उदाहरण इस प्रकार है- जो कोई, सब कोई, हर कोई, और कोई, कोई और, जो कुछ, सब कुछ, और कुछ, कुछ और, कोई एक, एक कोई, कोई भी, कुछ एक, कुछ भी, कोई-न-कोई, कुछ-न-कुछ, कुछ-कुछ कोई-कोई इत्यादि।




THE LIBRARY OF SECRETS

The Giant Mistake
by

With her parents away on a business trip, studious 12-year-old Sophia Clark is tasked with babysitting her video game-obsessed, 10-year-old brother, Mark. They visit the local library, where Sophia discovers an ancient tome titled Almation: The Book of Secrets. Opening the book transports the Clark siblings to the titular Almation, a parallel dimension that’s filled with rich colors and odd creatures. A parchment scroll informs them that they have three days (or six hours, back in their original dimension) to find their way home. To do so, Sophia and Mark must solve a series of mind-boggling puzzles with the help of their new animal friends, which include a talking parrot, a fierce she-wolf, and Lilly Marin, a “panafish” (part panda, part fish). Putting their logic skills to the test, Sophia and Mark face down a deadly scavenger hunt, the fearsome water monster Alexar, and a pair of mysterious beings known simply as “the Writers.” If Sophia and Mark fail their tests, they could be stuck in another dimension forever. Almation is a richly drawn world, and Penn delivers colorful, evocative descriptions and lovably weird characters. The inventive, Zoombinis–style logic puzzles are what make this story truly remarkable; young readers will have great fun trying to solve them along with Sophia and Mark. That said, the characters’ dialogue can be clunky and overly formal (“We surely must press that plate,” says Mark), which doesn’t ring true to the way that modern-day children speak. Sophia and Mark’s found friendships are touching, but other emotional moments feel rushed and inauthentic, as when a character turns from evil to good in the blink of an eye. The kids’ harrowing near-death encounters are also brief and hurried, which lowers the overall stakes. Pahek’s detailed, black-and-white images open each chapter and bring Almation’s inhabitants to life.
Colorful characters and puzzles make this a fantasy world worth getting lost in, despite some awkward dialogue and inconsistent pacing.

Thursday, 15 August 2019

INSPIRATIONAL THOUGHTS

“A day wasted on others is not wasted on one’s self.”– Charles Dickens“I slept and I dreamed that life is all joy. I woke and I saw that life is all service. I served and I saw that service is joy.”– Kahlil Gibran“When you are able to shift your inner awareness to how you can serve others, and when you make this the central focus of your life, you will then be in a position to know true miracles in your progress toward prosperity.”– Wayne Dye“Practice kindness all day to everybody and you will realize you’re already in heaven now.”– Jack Kerouac“Love only grows by sharing. You can only have more for yourself by giving it away to others.”– Brian Tracy

Monday, 12 August 2019

FOR DOWNLOAD CLICK THE LINK BELOW FOR NCERT QUESTION FOR ANY CLASS FROM 1 to 12
https://byjus.com/ncert-solutions-class-11/
 BOOK REVIEW OF THE BOOK THE GUIDE
WRITER NAME ; R K Naryana

This novel’s lead, Raju, is sitting by a riverside shrine when he’s mistaken for a holy man. In actuality, Raju was just released from prison for forging the signature of a woman with whom he has a complicated relationship. The woman is married to another man but she has a love of dance, and her husband wants her to give up such frivolities. She falls for Raju, who is working for her husband as a travel guide /expediter, because he supports her in the pursuit of dance. [One can see the dual meaning of the title as Raju is a travel guide by trade and becomes a spiritual guide to the villagers of the fictional town of Malgudi.] After experiencing some hard times with the shops left him by his father, Raju finds success by being not only the lover of the dancer but also her Col. Tom Parker (i.e. her promoter /manager.)
The story isn’t told in chronological order, but is easily enough followed and is the more interesting for its nonlinear telling. For example, we learn the details of Raju’s troubles as a confession he makes to the individual who first mistook him for a guru.
The book explores several themes. One is the power of charisma and bumper-sticker wisdom in building a sage. When Raju’s first student hears his confession, the young man is unswayed, following Raju unwaveringly. On a brighter note, one also sees how people’s strong beliefs, ill-founded as they might seem to be, can produce a guru. Ultimately, Raju becomes the teacher that the entire village thought him to be all along.
There’s also the issue of passion versus familial bonds and tradition. While Raju’s mother personally likes the dancer woman, the fact that the girl is of a lower class and caste (not to mention married to another man), creates a tension. Raju must decide between his love of the dancer and that of his mother. We also get to see the hard edge of tradition in the Raju’s uncle who puts all the bias of class and caste in its most explicit form.
I enjoyed this novel. It’s a nice compact story and is very thought-provoking. The character of Raju is well-developed and interesting. The reader finds Raju likable even though at times he’s a bit loathsome in his behavior. There’s more than one comedy of error in the story’s formulation to offer some lightness to contrast the family drama.
I’d highly recommend this book for fiction readers. It was also interesting for me as an ex-pat in India as it offers some insight into the culture. It should be noted that it’s set in a bygone era. But even though it’s dated, one can see the long shadow of cultural proclivities in the story elements.
This novel’s lead, Raju, is sitting by a riverside shrine when he’s mistaken for a holy man. In actuality, Raju was just released from prison for forging the signature of a woman with whom he has a complicated relationship. The woman is married to another man but she has a love of dance, and her husband wants her to give up such frivolities. She falls for Raju, who is working for her husband as a travel guide /expediter, because he supports her in the pursuit of dance. [One can see the dual meaning of the title as Raju is a travel guide by trade and becomes a spiritual guide to the villagers of the fictional town of Malgudi.] After experiencing some hard times with the shops left him by his father, Raju finds success by being not only the lover of the dancer but also her Col. Tom Parker (i.e. her promoter /manager.)
The story isn’t told in chronological order, but is easily enough followed and is the more interesting for its nonlinear telling. For example, we learn the details of Raju’s troubles as a confession he makes to the individual who first mistook him for a guru.
The book explores several themes. One is the power of charisma and bumper-sticker wisdom in building a sage. When Raju’s first student hears his confession, the young man is unswayed, following Raju unwaveringly. On a brighter note, one also sees how people’s strong beliefs, ill-founded as they might seem to be, can produce a guru. Ultimately, Raju becomes the teacher that the entire village thought him to be all along.
There’s also the issue of passion versus familial bonds and tradition. While Raju’s mother personally likes the dancer woman, the fact that the girl is of a lower class and caste (not to mention married to another man), creates a tension. Raju must decide between his love of the dancer and that of his mother. We also get to see the hard edge of tradition in the Raju’s uncle who puts all the bias of class and caste in its most explicit form.
I enjoyed this novel. It’s a nice compact story and is very thought-provoking. The character of Raju is well-developed and interesting. The reader finds Raju likable even though at times he’s a bit loathsome in his behavior. There’s more than one comedy of error in the story’s formulation to offer some lightness to contrast the family drama.
I’d highly recommend this book for fiction readers. It was also interesting for me as an ex-pat in India as it offers some insight into the culture. It should be noted that it’s set in a bygone era. But even though it’s dated, one can see the long shadow of cultural proclivities in the story elements.

Malgudi Days -- R K Narayan

Malgudi days is a collection of 32 short funny and witty stories. Its author as I have mentioned in the title is R K Narayan.
The stories happen in Malgudi, an imaginary town located somewhere on the banks of Sarayu (a river in South India). Even though it is common to call Malgudi an imaginary town, you will not feel it is imaginary while reading the book. You can trace it to any village in south India. The stories carry the scent and sounds of these villages and you instantly blend into the situations in the stories. You will feel as though you are the character in the story yourself and that is the secret behind the success of this immensely popular book.
Rather than revolving around a particular plot these stories wander off dreamily. Each of the stories describe the relationship between members in a family, the various social taboos prevalent in the mid ninteties. All the stories will seem faintly similar but they are vastly different from each other. The stories deal with the most ordinary men and women and that makes these stories extraordinary. Each story deals with simple people and simple issues they are faced with in real life. The stories instantly establish a connection between the reader and the characters. Some of the stories are humorous while other will shake your soul so wildly that you might cry. Anyway I can dare to say that once you read these stories the memories will last you for your lifetime. You will carry them to the grave!
Indian villages which are often depicted as poverty-ridden, infested with epidemics, occupied by good for nothing illiterate fellows have another side to them. They have a charm, a charm which I cannot explain. This charm is depicted and presented in each of the stories in this book. Each story is so full of humanity and will invoke that part of you which you have forgotten in this deplorable rat chase called life.
And the endings of each stories. They are also special. The author will never reveal what happened at the end and will leave it to your imagination. It will make you go mad thinking what would have happened. The author will tease you by leaving you wondering for ever as those endings will never be written as the author himself is dead.

Well, to come back to our lives. This book is one of those extra extra ordinary book which you MUST read. If you do not, then you are losing something very valuable. I recommend this book to all readers. The book is available in amazon. So buy yourself one for sure…

BOOK FAIR